Exploring the Rise of Subway Surfing in Urban Areas
Intro
Subway surfing has emerged as a culturally rich and thrilling urban pastime. It's not just about riding on top of moving trains; it's a deeper phenomenon that reflects the dynamics of modern city life. In an age where adventure is often scripted in video games or blockbuster movies, subway surfing stands out as a raw, unfiltered experience. This daring leisure activity appeals to those driven by excitement and a sense of rebellion against the mundane.
As we peel back the layers of this captivating trend, itās vital to understand what compels individuals to risk their safety for a fleeting moment of exhilaration. The motivations varyāfrom seeking thrills to embracing freedom in cityscapes that seem to trap them. Each ride can tell a myriad of stories that go beyond just adrenaline, showcasing a fascinating interplay between urban environments, human psychology, and societal perceptions.
Overview of Key Points
In this article, we'll probe into several aspects of subway surfing:
- Motivations Behind Subway Surfing: Why do people engage in this risky pursuit?
- Cultural Implications: How it reflects urban youth culture and acts as a form of expression.
- Legal Considerations: What laws come into play and the potential ramifications.
- Societal Reactions: How communities and public transport systems react.
- Safety Concerns: The psychological facets and real dangers involved in this activity.
Through critical analysis and some first-hand accounts, we can comprehend subway surfing as more than just a daring act; itās an interaction with the metro world that blends thrill with the cityās heartbeat.
Prolusion to Subway Surfing
Subway surfing is more than just an adrenaline-pumping thrill; it embodies a blend of urban exploration and defiant urban culture. For many, it's the allure of navigating the underground world that draws them in ā the hidden tracks, the unique sounds, and even the bittersweet graffiti adornments that paint stories of city life. This section sheds light on the significance of this activity within modern urban adventure narratives, providing insights into what makes subway surfing a captivating subject worthy of discussion.
Definition and Origin
Subway surfing can be defined simply as the act of riding on the outside of subway trains as they travel along tracks. This reckless yet intriguing practice has its roots in various urban traditions, reflecting a youthful urge to rebel against conformity. Emerging in cities like New York during the late 20th century, subway surfing started as an unsanctioned dare among thrill-seeking teens, gradually evolving into a more widespread phenomenon marked by a growing community.
Early on, not much more than a daring stunt or urban legend, it eventually led to serious discussions about safety and legality. The term itself was likely coined in the same spirit that gave rise to skateboarding and BMX culture ā itās all about exploring boundaries, both literally and figuratively.
Evolution of the Activity
As subway surfing matured, the motivations and methods evolved. Initially, it was often a spontaneous act, but with time, it developed into something more structured with its own set of unwritten rules and etiquette. Enthusiasts began to share their experiences and tips through social media platforms like Reddit and Facebook. The rise of smartphones allowed for recordings, turning these harrowing moments into shareable content that many admire and some criticize.
Today, subway surfing isn't just about riding on trains; it's also a statement of artistry and urban escapism. On one hand, it's about plunging into the depths of a city's transit system, seeking out hidden gems, while on the other, it engages discussions around urban identity and social exclusion. As communities form around these practices, the ways individuals engage with subway surfing continue to change, reflecting the nuances of contemporary urban life.
Motivations Behind Subway Surfing
Understanding the motivations behind subway surfing provides critical insights into why individuals engage in this bold activity. For many, subway surfing is more than just a thrill; it embodies a mix of adrenaline, cultural expression, and social connection. Recognizing the multifaceted reasons that drive people to ride on top of moving trains reveals not only their personal motivations but also the broader cultural implications at play.
Thrill-Seeking Behavior
At the core of subway surfing is the human desire for thrill. Itās that rush of adrenaline that comes from defying gravity and risking safety. For some individuals, stepping onto a moving trainās roof feels like a rite of passageāa way to skate through lifeās mundane routines and tap into an exhilarating escape.
The act of balancing on top of a speeding vehicle can be intoxicating and provides a sense of adventure that everyday life often lacks. People may chase this high repeatedly, each surf session feeding their craving for excitement. This thrill-seeking behavior is not merely reckless; it often taps into deeper psychological needs such as the desire for autonomy and the quest for identity.
āPeople often donāt realize how quickly that adrenaline kicks in until theyāre up there. Itās not just about the surfing, it's about experiencing life at a different level.ā ā Anonymous Subway Surfer
Influence of Social Media
In todayās digital age, social media plays a pivotal role in shaping trends and behaviors. Subway surfing is no exception, as platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube have showcased daring feats from daring individuals worldwide. The ability to share oneās experiences instantly creates a competitive environment where likes and shares can enhance an individual's social status.
Videos that illustrate breathtaking moments atop a subway car garner attention and can inspire others to join the fray, fueling a sense of community rooted in shared experiences and mutual admiration. Additionally, thereās an aspect of validation; these platforms provide fans with the opportunity to celebrate those who take risks and break boundaries, resonating with an audience that craves exploration and excitement.
Community and Belonging
Subway surfing is not merely a solitary activity but often a communal endeavor. Many participants find a sense of camaraderie with fellow surfers, forging friendships based on shared interests and mutual risks. This feeling of belonging can be particularly enticing for younger individuals who are still searching for their place in the world. The subculture surrounding subway surfing not only cultivates friendships but also encourages the exchange of skills and knowledge.
Moreover, connecting with like-minded individuals allows surfers to create their own sub-communities where they can share tips, experiences, and even safety precautions. These relationships provide not just a supportive network but also validation for their choices in the face of societal disapproval. It's a way to bond over something that many view as controversial, fostering a sense of identity that may be hard to find elsewhere.
In summary, the motivations behind subway surfing intertwine thrill-seeking behavior, the influence of social media, and the innate human desire for community. Each of these elements contributes to the allure and endurance of this exciting yet risky urban exploration trend, embedding it deeper into the fabric of contemporary culture.
Cultural Implications of Subway Surfing
Subway surfing is not just a reckless pastime; it serves as a lens through which one can examine the pulse of urban life. This phenomenon intertwines thrill-seeking and urban exploration with deeper cultural narratives. It reflects how individuals engage with their cities and the broader implications for communities and shared spaces. Understanding the cultural implications of subway surfing can shed light on societal attitudes toward risk, creativity, and belonging.
Urban Exploration
Urban exploration dives into the heart of a city, exploring spaces often hidden from public view. Subway surfing embodies this spirit perfectly. It transforms the mundane and often utilitarian subway system into a stage for unique experiences. Participants see subway cars and stations not merely as transit points but as dynamic playgrounds, ripe for adventure. This shift in perspective is significant.
Explorers often find beauty in forgotten places. The act of subway surfing encourages a bond with the urban landscape that many people overlook. By weaving through the vast tunnels and navigating the rhythm of underground trains, surfers reflect a desire to connect with the city's unseen aspects, which can resonate with many urban dwellers yearning for escapism.
- Ethnographic Insights: Subway surfers often document their experiences, sharing stories and imagery that offer insights into the diverse urban ecosystems they traverse.
- Cultural Richness: This activity prompts a new appreciation for the historical and architectural narratives embedded in subway systems.
Art and Expression
Subway surfing transcends a mere adrenaline rush; it becomes a form of expression and artistry. Many participants use their rides as an opportunity to showcase skills, whether through dance, acrobatics, or capturing the moment through photography. This fusion of art and adventure reflects broader cultural movements where performance art blurs boundaries between various mediums.
The aesthetic appeal lies in its rawness and spontaneity. Videos and images from subway surf sessions create a visual tapestry of urban life. Social media plays a significant role here, allowing individuals not only to showcase their experiences but also to inspire others. Subway surfing may hold an anti-establishment ethos as it challenges conventional norms regarding public space.
"Art is the most beautiful of all lies." - Pablo Picasso
With subway emotions tightly woven, artists have begun to take this action to canvas. Some individuals create murals inspired by their experiences, bringing life to otherwise dull subway stations. This symbiotic relation between art and subway surfing not only captures a moment but also amplifies discussions about the role of creativity in everyday life.
Media Representation
The media representation of subway surfing varies widely, often oscillating between sensationalism and romanticism. News outlets tend to highlight the danger involved, feeding fears and misconceptions about urban explorers. Yet, there is an undeniable charm in how some media projects the thrill of the experience.
Filmmakers and content creators often depict subway surfing as an emblem of youthful rebellion, documenting the adrenaline-fueled exploits. While this glorification may lead some to take risks, it also plays a role in creating a sense of community. Many enthusiasts find solace in shared stories and experiences through forums or platforms like Reddit.
On platforms like Facebook, groups have formed around these activities where members exchange tips, safety advice, and even regulations. Eventually, the media narrative can either uplift or vilify subway surfers. The challenge remains ensuring representation reflects the nuanced realities of this activity without oversimplifying or demonizing the participants.
Legal Considerations
When it comes to subway surfing, the legal considerations surrounding the activity cannot be overlooked. It's crucial to understand how local laws, regulations, and safety codes shape the experience of subway surfing. Engaging in this daring pursuit can hold a variety of consequences that may not be apparent at first glance, and these can significantly affect a participant's decision-making process.
City Regulations and Laws
Each city with an extensive subway system has its own set of regulations governing the behavior of its passengers and, by extension, activities like subway surfing. Regulations often include prohibitions against trespassing, vandalism, and unsafe behaviors. Many subway systems are private properties, meaning that local authorities enforce strict laws to maintain order and safety.
In cities like New York or Tokyo, where subway surfing has gained a distinctive sort of notoriety, the consequences can be as severe as fines or even arrest.
- Local statutes: Evidence of legal frameworks aimed at curtailing dangerous activities can often be found in municipal law documents and transit authority policies.
- Incident reports: These reveal how frequently subway surfing results in police intervention or legal action, underscoring the inherent risks involved.
- Signage: Many subway stations have clear signs warning against the act of riding on the roof of trains or any other behavior deemed as hazardous.
Understanding these regulations isn't just a safety measure but can also deter participants from getting involved in subway surfing altogether.
Potential Consequences
The risks of subway surfing extend beyond just getting caught by law enforcement; they can lead to potential legal and personal repercussions. Notably, these consequences can be divided into legal, safety-related, and social aspects.
- Legal Repercussions:
- Safety Risks:
- Social Consequences:
- Fines for trespassing or other penalties may vary significantly between different locales.
- Criminal charges could escalate to misdemeanors or felonies, particularly if the act is accompanied by damaging property or creating hazards to other passengers.
- The inherent dangers include severe physical injuries or even fatalities, adding a grim layer to the thrill of surfing.
- Emergency medical costs may arise, further influencing one's financial situation.
- Stigmatization from peers and the community could follow. Some might even face challenges in professional or social circles if they are involved in a serious incident.
- Social media plays a notable role; an act of subway surfing that goes viral can lead to public backlash, as seen in some documented cases.
"Living on the edge might be thrilling, but the repercussions can be far-reaching and lasting."
Ultimately, the legal landscape surrounding subway surfing serves as a critical backdrop for anyone considering this high-risk activity. Negotiating through city regulations and understanding the potential consequences is paramount for anyone trying to navigate this underground thrill.
Psychological Aspects of Subway Surfing
When talking about subway surfing, itās essential to dive into the psychological dimensions that underpin this daring pastime. Understandably, the thrill-seeking behaviors that motivate participants arenāt solely about the act itself but rather stem from deeper psychological needs and experiences. Examining these facets gives us insight into why subway surfing has gained traction among urban explorers and adventurers alike.
Adrenaline and Fear
One cannot discuss the psychology of subway surfing without addressing the adrenaline rush it provides. The excitement of balancing on the outside of a moving train can create a whirlwind of sensations. For many, this heightened state of alertness becomes addictive. The body releases a blend of adrenaline and endorphins, leading to a physiological response that can feel euphoric.
However, this thrill doesnāt come without a hefty dose of fear. The dichotomy of exhilaration and danger only amplifies the experience. Participants often find themselves torn between the rush of excitement and the instinctual sense of risk. When caught between these two forces, surfers report feelings of euphoria that are difficult to replicate in everyday life. This adrenaline-fueled escapade can serve as a powerful escape from routine, creating an appeal thatās hard to resist.
Risk Assessment and Decision Making
The act of subway surfing demands a keen sense of risk assessment. Participants must weigh the thrill against potential consequences such as injuries or legal repercussions. Itās a cognitive balancing act where many factors come into play. Social environment, personal history, and even the presence of onlookers can significantly influence decisions made on the spur of the moment.
Individuals engaging in subway surfing learn to evaluate the level of danger they are willing to accept. This behavior may lead to a form of emotional resilience, as surfers become adept at quick thinking and situational awareness. Remarkably, while this activity may seem reckless, thereās a method to the perceived madness.
"In the heart of the underground, a universe unseen awakens; each subway ride telling tales of thrill and trepidation."
From their perspective, surfers are not merely taking risks; they are navigating a compelling landscape of human psychology.
Safety Concerns
When we talk about subway surfing, we canāt ignore the pressing issue of safety. This activity, while exhilarating, comes with serious risks that can lead to severe injuries or worse. Understanding and addressing these safety concerns is paramount not only for the thrill-seekers but also for the public and transit agencies. Whether you're an experienced surfer or a bystander, the safety implications touch on everyone involved in urban transportation.
Inherent Dangers of Subway Surfing
Subway surfing involves riding atop moving trains, and this alone raises alarm bells regarding safety. The almost reckless abandonment displayed by participants is matched only by the real dangers they face. Here are some of the major risks associated with this activity:
- Falls: A misstep can easily lead to a fall, resulting in severe injuries or fatal outcomes. Trains gather speed quickly, and the distance to the ground is substantial.
- Obstacles on the Roof: Train tops are often not sleek and free of hazards. You might encounter antennas, vents, or other protrusions that could cause injury, especially in low-clearance areas.
- Electrocution Risks: In many subway systems, overhead and third-rail systems can deliver lethal shocks. Subway surfers can be particularly vulnerable to this threat, often not aware of the presence of live wires above their heads.
- Tunnel Dangers: Riders are subjected to rapidly changing environments. Narrow tunnels present the real danger of collisions with the tunnel walls or vehicles. It can happen in the blink of an eye.
- Unexpected Train Movements: Most subway systems have schedules, but those schedules can change. A sudden halt or an unexpected speed increase can disorient a surfer, leading to accidents.
"While adrenaline rushes and the excitement of breaking the mold draws participants, it's crucial that they understand the stakes involved and recognize the potential repercussions of their actionsāboth personal and public."
Community Reactions
The community's response to subway surfing varies widely, often swinging between admiration and apprehension. For some, the act embodies a spirit of rebellion or urban exploration, while others see it as a dangerous trend that invites peril.
- Public Outcry: News reports often highlight the risks associated with subway surfing, invoking frustration among transit authorities and community members. Trains, designed for efficient transit, can become a hotspot for recklessness, and the ensuing drama can spark heated discussions.
- Social Stigma: Many individuals view subway surfing as irresponsible. The perception is that it not only puts the surfer in danger but also puts commuters at risk if an incident occurs on a moving train.
- Supportive Networks: Conversely, thereās a vibrant online community that shares experiences, tips, and even safety guidelines for subway surfing, somewhat normalizing this extreme activity. These forums often celebrate the thrill, conveying a sense of camaraderie among those who partake.
- Calls for Safety Measures: Amidst the thrills, there are calls from community leaders for increased safety measures within subway systems. Ideas such as enhanced surveillance, stricter punishments, and public awareness campaigns are often proposed to curb the trend.
- Peer Influence: Kids and young adults, in particular, are swayed by their peers. The tendency to show off or strive for recognition on social media can fuel their desire to participate in subway surfing, despite the risks involved.
Fostering a dialogue around safety can bridge gaps between the surfers and the communities affected by their actions. Whether through outreach programs or awareness workshops, discussing these concerns can lead to a more informed community and potentially mitigate risks for all involved.
The conversation surrounding subway surfing and its safety implications is complex. While the allure of the underground can be irresistible for some, a clear understanding of the inherent dangers and community responses can pave the way for safer interactions with urban spaces.
Impact on Public Transport Systems
The impact of subway surfing on public transport systems cannot be understated. This phenomenon, while thrilling for some, presents a unique blend of challenges that urban transit authorities must navigate. It involves elements that touch on safety, operational efficiency, and public perception of these vital systems. Understanding the implications of subway surfing is crucial not only for passengers but also for those who manage and maintain these intricate networks.
Operational Challenges
Subway surfing creates a myriad of operational challenges. For one, it can disrupt regular train schedules. When individuals engage in the act of surfing, it often leads to delays as train operators may need to halt their schedules to ensure safety and de-escalate potentially dangerous situations. These interruptions, in turn, lead to longer waiting times for the everyday commuter, who might be in a rush to reach their destination.
Additionally, staff on trains or at stations must constantly monitor for surfing activities, which diverts focus from their primary responsibilities. This redirection of attention can strain resources as transport authorities grapple with not just maintaining schedules, but also ensuring the safety of all passengers.
To put it bluntly, subway surfing introduces a layer of unpredictability that complicates operational protocol. The need for an immediate, strategic response can create an operational burden. Transit agencies may have to allocate more resources to personnel trained to manage such incidents, further stretching already limited staffing resources.
"The essence of subway surfing resonates within the urban fabric, but the ramifications it carries for transport systems deserve serious attention."
Security Measures
In light of the rising trend of subway surfing, transport authorities have been compelled to enhance security measures. CCTV cameras are becoming increasingly prevalent in stations and within trains themselves, not just as a deterrent against crime but also to monitor surfing activities. These surveillance systems are becoming more sophisticated with AI technology that can detect patterns of behavior indicative of subway surfing.
Moreover, there is an upsurge in collaborative efforts between municipal agencies and law enforcement to address this issue. They are working together to formulate policies that can effectively tackle subway surfing without infringing upon peopleās rights to public spaces. This may include stricter penalties for offenders caught in the act, serving as a warning to thrill-seekers about the potential repercussions of their actions.
Public awareness campaigns are another measure being adopted. Informing riders about the risks involved in subway surfing not only enhances safety but also promotes responsible usage of public transport. Signs are appearing throughout subway systems to emphasize the dangers associated with this activity, focusing on the potential for serious injury or legal ramifications.
Case Studies
Understanding subway surfing through case studies offers a lens into its various manifestations and the nuances that differentiate regions and incidents. Case studies provide detailed accounts that can illustrate not just the actions taken by surfers but also the surrounding factorsāsocial, legal, and culturalāthat contribute to these episodes. They pull the thread between abstract concepts and practial realities, giving more flesh to the bones of this phenomenon.
Notable Subway Surfing Incidents
Examining notable incidents of subway surfing reveals both the daring nature of the activity and the consequences that often ensue. One famous case occurred in the New York City subway system, capturing attention when a group of surfers filmed themselves riding the tops of moving trains. The subsequent video went viral and sparked debates around safety and legality. This event exemplified the adrenaline rush that defines subway surfing and showcased how a simple thrill-seeking activity can escalate into a broader discussion about public safety.
Another incident, less well-known yet equally telling, took place in the metro system of Madrid. During an organized event, a crowd of enthusiasts gathered to surf the trains. While the intention was camaraderie and shared thrills, the authorities swiftly intervened to disperse the group, highlighting how public transport systems are continually grappling with the dual challenges of accommodating urban explorers while ensuring safety and compliance with the law.
These cases underscore key considerations, including the impression on public perception and the shift in feelings about safety within urban environments. They emphasize the unpredictability surrounding subway surfing and how the reactions of cases can influence the behavior and norms around such activities.
Regional Variations in Subway Surfing
Subway surfing is, at its core, a reflection of the local culture and attitudes towards risk-taking. For instance, in cities like Berlin, subway surfing has been met with a certain level of acceptance, with local communities often viewing it as an expression of youth culture. Events organized around the activity tend to garner attention but also a cautious appreciation from locals who understand the thrill of urban exploration.
Contrastingly, in cities like Tokyo, the same act might be deemed more unacceptable. The societal norms appear to discourage such public displays. Therefore, while the core activity remains largely the sameāriding on top of trainsāthe surrounding contexts differ significantly and impact how subway surfing is perceived by both participants and the general public.
- Berlin: Recognized as an underground communityālocal surfers often gather and share tips on safety and technique. Videos are posted that showcase their stunts, drawing a blend of admiration and criticism from viewers.
- Tokyo: Generally seen as a taboo. Any attempt at subway surfing is swiftly met with zero tolerance by authorities, leading to swift consequences for anyone caught attempting it.
This regional analysis sheds light on how subway surfing can be more than just a daredevil act; itās a nuanced activity deeply intertwined with cultural identities and societal expectations.
The Future of Subway Surfing
As subway surfing continues to carve its niche within the urban landscape, the activityās future brims with potential, evolving dynamics and heightened societal scrutiny. With technology advancing at breakneck speed, behaviors and purposes surrounding this phenomenon are likely to shift. This section uncovers how emerging trends, increased urban congestion, and cultural nuances may influence the direction subway surfing takes, addressing critical considerations for participants and urban dwellers alike.
Shifting Trends
The landscape of subway surfing is transforming. New technologies play a pivotal role in the way surfers plan and execute their escapades. Gone are the days when surfers relied solely on word-of-mouth for tips about safe spots or optimal train schedules. Nowadays, smartphones and social media platforms are effectively changing the game. Surfers now share locations and routes in real-time, making previously unknown avenues accessible even to newcomers.
This accessibility seems to breed a continual influx of participants. As more individuals float into the spirit of crisscrossing urban tracks, the nature of the sport may shift from a daring individual pursuit to a communal experience. This new chapter prompts a reconsideration of the once solitary aspect of subway surfing; itās now about being part of a larger weave of adventurers, contributing to a vibrant culture while potentially obstructing public transport operations. Given these evolving circumstances, itās important for surfers to be aware of the changing climate and to adapt their approach to this thrilling activity.
Cultural Shifts and Social Changes
Subway surfing is not merely a fleeting trend; it is a canvas reflecting broader societal changes. As cities become increasingly homogenized and monotonous, underground networks represent uncharted territory for urban exploration. The thrill of subway surfing resonates with a growing demographic eager to express individuality amid the sameness.
Moreover, as urban populations swell, younger generations express both admiration and apprehension towards social norms, creating new paradigms of acceptance and resistance. The community that surrounds subway surfing is typically a melting pot, comprised of individuals from varied backgrounds. Participating in this unconventional activity helps forge bonds that transcend typical social divides, forming a unique subculture united by shared experiences and adrenaline.
However, with these shifts in cultural attitudes come undeniable risks. Urban planners and civic leaders face pressing challenges in addressing the potential consequences of an increasingly adventurous populace. Will the normalization of such risky behaviors seep into more mainstream activities? As subway surfing gains visibility, it pushes boundaries that lead to necessary legal and social implications, drawing attention not just to subway surfing but to how wider cultural trends begin influencing urban environments.
As the lines between daring and reckless blur, society grapples with the implications of these urban subcultures.
Ultimately, how subway surfing develops in the coming years remains to be seen. Its trajectory will depend significantly on the interplay between participantsā motivations and the responses from city governance, thereby shaping what this activity represents in the broader conversation about urban life and individual freedom.
End
Reflecting on the multifaceted world of subway surfing, it becomes clear that this unorthodox activity holds a mirror to various aspects of urban life. The phenomenon is not just a reckless pastime; it embodies the complexities of human behavior in an environment where thrill and danger intertwine.
Summary of Key Points
In this article, we've traversed the broad terrain of subway surfing, covering numerous angles:
- Definition and Origin: Understanding where this daring act began and how it has morphed over the years.
- Motivations: Delving into why individuals feel drawn to this risky endeavor, including influences from social media and a deep-seated need for community.
- Cultural Implications: Examining how subway surfing fits within urban exploration and artistic expression, revealing its place in contemporary dialogue.
- Legal Considerations: Highlighting the frameworks governing subway surfing, and the consequences that await those who dare to break the rules.
- Psychological Aspects: Analyzing the adrenaline rush and fear, and how those emotions shape decision-making in high-stakes environments.
- Safety Concerns: Identifying the inherent dangers associated with this activity and the responses from the community.
- Impact on Public Transport Systems: Understanding the operational challenges and security measures instituted in response to the rise of subway surfing.
- The Future of Subway Surfing: Looking into the shifting trends and evolving cultural attitudes surrounding the activity.
Final Thoughts on the Activity
Subway surfing, while cloaked in elements of risk and thrill, also invites deeper thought about urban existence. It raises questions about boundariesāwhere does enthusiasm end, and recklessness begin? The close-knit communities formed around this activity further enrich the discussion by blending traditions of urban exploration with modern social dynamics. As we observe the ongoing evolution of this phenomenon, it's crucial to strike a balance between fun and safety. Engaging with subway surfing offers an opportunity to understand our environments in a novel light, reminding us that sometimes, the thrill of life lies in embracing the unknown, even within the rusty confines of an underground tunnel.
Ultimately, the subwayāan ordinary means of transportābecomes a stage for extraordinary human expression.
